Chasing History: Exploring My Ancestral Roots - Blog Post #46
By Tonya McQuade
Over the past several weeks in my blog posts, I have explored the adventurous honeymoon my great-grandparents Frank and Nora Traughber enjoyed in August and September of 1905. I started by describing their wedding in San Jose (Petree House Connections), then moved on to their adventures in Del Monte, Pacific Grove, and Santa Cruz (Part I); Catalina Island (Part II); San Francisco (Part III), and the Pacific Northwest (Part IV). In Part V, I explore what I consider the most adventurous part of their honeymoon: their visit to Yellowstone National Park from September 4-9, 1905.
When Mike and I visited Yellowstone National Park in July 2017, we did so from the comfort of our car. We drove through Nevada and Idaho on our way to West Yellowstone, Montana, where we entered the park in the late afternoon. We made our first stop at Upper Geyser Basin to see Old Faithful and check out Old Faithful Inn, before heading to Grant Village Campground to pitch our tent for the night and take an evening hike along nearby Yellowstone Lake. The next day, we met up with a tour group as part of a Geology class we were taking through the University of the Pacific, then began our three days of exploring the park—two days with the group, and one day on our own.
As I looked through my great-grandparents’ honeymoon album, I saw that they visited many of the same locations we did, including Upper Geyser Basin, Old Faithful, Yellowstone Lake, Grand Canyon of the Yellowstone, Yellowstone River, Yellowstone Falls (both the upper and lower sections), Mammoth Hot Springs, Liberty Cap, and the Golden Gate. However, they arrived on the Northern Pacific Railway, which had first reached Gardiner in June 1902, and got off at the Gardiner Depot. Furthermore, theirs was a six-day journey on a “wagonette” pulled by horses, traveling with a large group of people on a set course, and they were able to walk in many places today’s tourists are no longer allowed to go.
They, too, saw elk and bison–but it’s likely they also saw bears feeding from the garbage bins near area hotels. This was a regular tourist attraction, with some visitors even hand feeding bears from their carriages and later cars. Park rangers finally put a stop to it after too many visitors were injured and they finally recognized the damage this was doing to the bears.
“Our favorite rig and driver” - visitors traveled in eleven-passenger coaches.
Wealthy visitors who took the “Grand Tour” stayed at fancy lodges throughout the park. Those who chose the more economical route stayed at “Wiley Camps.” Established by William Wallace Wylie, the Wylie Camping Company fed, sheltered, and guided thousands of Victorian vacationers from 1896 to 1905 through relaxed week-long tours of geysers, hot pools, waterfalls, and trails. These were not rustic campgrounds, nor was the tent they stayed in like the one Mike and I pitched. As explained online, “Despite the park’s wilderness setting, Wylie lured travelers with promises of comfort, ease, and delicious meals, claiming such luxuries as ‘woven wire springs under fine mattress beds; no sleeping on the ground… [and] fine covered buggies to ride in.’
“His new method of caring for tourists’ embraced separate dining tents, partitioned sleeping tents heated with stoves, informative outings, and fresh-air bonfires. His policy of hiring honest, hard-working college students and teachers who utilized the park as an outdoor classroom set an example for concessions throughout Yellowstone and other national parks” (1).
Captions: Our party at camp. / We rode in one wagonette.
Frank and Nora took this more economical route, though I’m guessing they took “peeks” at the fancy lodges along the way. The first “grand hotel” in the park was the Mammoth Hotel, originally named the National Hotel, built in 1883 in Mammoth Hot Springs, but today’s structure has been rebuilt. The Canyon Hotel, near the Grand Canyon of the Yellowstone and Yellowstone Falls, followed in 1886, but it, too, has been rebuilt. The oldest operating hotel in the park is the Lake Hotel, built near Yellowstone Lake in 1891. Mike and I actually ate dinner at its restaurant overlooking the lake. Old Faithful Inn opened its doors in June 1904 in the Upper Geyser Basin, so Frank and Nora probably visited the inn to look at its beautiful interior when they stopped to see Old Faithful.
Thanks to a traveler’s journal I found online from the summer of 1905, I could see the itinerary they would have followed, with slight variations since they stayed in the Wiley tents (2):
A trip through Yellowstone National Park around the turn of the 20th century would have taken about six days. Starting at the Mammoth Hot Springs Hotel near Gardiner, Montana at the north end of the park, travelers boarded a wagon that took them counter-clockwise in a loop around the park.
Approaching the Park
Day 1: Visitors arrived in Gardiner on one of two daily trains from Livingston. In Gardiner, they boarded a six-horse coach that took them to Mammoth Hot Springs Hotel for their first night in the park.
Mammoth Hot Springs
Day 1: Upon arrival at the hotel, visitors checked in and received passes for the touring wagons. After that, they were free to explore the terraces and formations of Mammoth Hot Springs for the rest of the day.
Day 2: As many as 300 visitors rose early and gathered in the hotel plaza where they were assigned a seat on a four-horse touring wagon that would transport them on a five-day loop of the park.
Old Faithful
Day 3: After a night at the Fountain Hotel, tourists took the short coach ride to the Old Faithful Inn. They spent the afternoon exploring the Upper Geyser Basin and enjoyed the Inn’s fireplace and popcorn in the evening.
Yellowstone Lake
Day 4: The next morning tourists took the 19-mile trip to the shores of Yellowstone Lake, where they stopped for lunch before continuing on to the Lake Hotel.
Seeing Bears
Day 4: In the early days of Yellowstone, bears were intentionally drawn to open garbage heaps near hotels. Visitors looked on while accompanied by an armed ranger. As the number of bear injuries rose, the park banned bear feeding.
Yellowstone Canyon
Day 5: Tourists continued to the Canyon Hotel where they ate lunch before visiting Inspiration Point to view Yellowstone Falls and the Grand Canyon of the Yellowstone.
Journey’s End
Day 6: The journey ended where it began. After a ride to Mammoth Hot Springs Hotel, visitors returned to Gardiner, where they boarded a train that would take them back to their homes.
In the summer of 1905, a teacher from Buffalo, NY visited Yellowstone National Park and kept a detailed journal of her experience, the sites she saw, and people she met (3).
As specified in the above itinerary, Frank and Nora began and ended their trip in Gardiner, which is located near the North Entrance to the park, just a five minute walk from Gallatin Forrest and about five miles from Mammoth Hot Springs. Mike and I stayed in Gardiner after two nights of camping in Grant Village Campground, and we were both definitely ready for a hot shower and a cozy bed. We found both at the Victorian Inn and Carriage House on Main Street, which was built in 1895, so it’s likely Frank and Nora saw this beautiful house in its heyday.
We also ate at the Iron House Bar and Grill, which was established in 1902, so it’s possible they even ate at the same location we did! The Iron House Bar and Grill “offer[s] a mouthwatering taste of the American West right on the banks of the Yellowstone River, just a few blocks away from Yellowstone National Park” (4). While there, Mike enjoyed one of their bison burgers and some “Moose Drool” beer, while I happily ate their rainbow trout. I wonder what Frank and Nora ate while they journeyed around Yellowstone.
The restaurant definitely stands out in my mind for its delicious food, its local feel, and rustic ambience, and its interesting decor. As described online, “The interior of the restaurant is filled with authentic western decor, including countless pieces of memorabilia, historical photos and oddities mounted on the walls and ceiling. A full bar complete with local craft beers and unique specialty cocktails will quench your summer thirst while you enjoy scenic views of Yellowstone’s first entrance town” (5).
Roosevelt Arch: “FOR THE BENEFIT AND ENJOYMENT OF THE PEOPLE” (6)
The Victorian Inn is also just a six minute walk from the historic Roosevelt Arch, which was built in 1903, with the cornerstone laid at a dedication by President Theodore Roosevel on April 24. While today’s park service would not likely approve such a construction, it was thought at the time that the “approach to the park was barren and lacked suitable grandeur,” and since “Gardiner was the most important gateway to Yellowstone—the first park and a jewel in the national park crown,” plans commenced for the new entryway (7).
The 50-foot-high arch was completed in six months and is made of hundreds of tons of native columnar basalt which were quarried from nearby. According to some interesting facts I read online, “The Arch was not originally intended to honor Roosevelt, but was so named because the president happened to be vacationing in the park during the Arch’s construction, and was asked to speak at the dedication ceremony” (8).
A stereoscopic image of President Theodore Roosevelt speaking at the arch in 1903
As President Roosevelt stated at the dedication, “Yellowstone Park is something absolutely unique in the world so far as I know. Nowhere else in any civilized country is there to be found such a tract of veritable wonderland made accessible to all visitors, where at the same time not only the scenery of the wilderness, but the wild creatures of the Park are scrupulously preserved as they were, the only change being that these same wild creatures have been so carefully protected as to show a literally astonishing tameness. The creation and preservation of such a great national playground in the interests of our people as a whole is a credit to the nation; but above all a credit to Montana, Wyoming and Idaho. It has been preserved with wise foresight” (9).
After proceeding through the Roosevelt Arch on the first day of their journey, Frank and Nora stopped at Mammoth Hot Springs. At the time, Mammoth Hot Springs was part of a military reservation, with soldiers whose job it was patrol the park in order to arrest poachers, provide medical care, manage wildlife, fight fires, expel squatters, prevent vandalism, and educate visitors, according to what Mike and I learned when we visited Fort Yellowstone, which now houses a museum. Mammoth Hot Springs also included the Mammoth Hotel, the Cottage Hotel, and other buildings, as well as a “game corral” where some bison and elk were kept. Since bison had been hunted nearly to extinction in the 1900’s, only about two dozen bison existed in the park at the time, but efforts were being made to preserve and replenish their numbers, with breeding programs underway.
Two photos in their album show Frank and Nora walking on what appears to be the formation known as “Minerva’s Terrace,” which is something no longer allowed. Today, visitors are expected to stay on marked trails or boardwalks and platforms so as not to damage the hot springs.
Frank at Mammoth Hot Springs
Nora at Mammoth Hot Springs
Minerva’s Terrace, named after the goddess Minerva (Roman goddess of artists and sculptors, among other things), is located in the middle of the Mammoth Hot Springs Geothermal Area. As described online, it “is a favorite not only because of its wide range of bright colors but also for its ornate travertine formations. Since the 1890s, when records were first kept on the activity of Mammoth Hot Springs, Minerva has gone through both active and inactive periods. For several years in the early 1900s, it was completely dry, but by 1951 reports state that Minerva was again active. During some cycles of activity, water discharge and mineral deposition have been so great that boardwalks have been buried beneath mounds of newly deposited travertine. Consequently, an elevated and movable boardwalk now spans the hill in the vicinity of Minerva. In recent years, hot spring activity has shifted dramatically from Minerva to other features on the Lower Terraces, and back again” (10).
Since this description points out that “for several years in the early 1900s, it was completely dry,” that may be why Frank and Nora were able to walk on it. Here is Minerva Terrace as it appeared when Mike and I visited, looking out from a nearby overlook:
Minerva Terrace as it appeared in July 2017
The photo below shows a page from Mike’s and my photo album, which also includes an explanation of this “different” side of Yellowstone: “Mammoth Hot Springs looks different from other hydrothermal areas in Yellowstone. The white mounds and stalactite-like balconies are products of hot water sculpture in overdrive. At times, more than one hundred hot springs have been present at Mammoth-–but not a single geyser or mud pot. The water is cooler than that of many other hydrothermal areas. The rock of the terraces-–travertine–-is quickly built, causing new forms to emerge every day. Bright colors indicate abundant microbial life.”
Mike and I visited Mammoth Hot Springs in July 2017.
Another feature of Mammoth Hot Springs that Frank and Nora enjoyed is “Liberty Cap,” a 37-foot tall formation that “was created by a hot spring that was active in one location for a long time. Its internal pressure was sufficient to raise the water to a great height, allowing mineral deposits to build slowly and continuously for perhaps hundreds of years” (11). I don't recall seeing this in Yellowstone, but perhaps we did.
Frank standing beside Liberty Cap
Frank and Nora’s next stop was at Upper Geyser Basin, where they saw the park’s most famous feature: Old Faithful. So what exactly is the difference between hot springs and geysers? Here’s a photo of an explanation Mike and I saw at the Fort Yellowstone Museum:
During their 1905 visit, Frank and Nora got a much closer view of the geysers than visitors today, who are required to stay on designated boardwalks, both to protect the geysers and for their own safety. Their album includes several photos of Old Faithful, as well as others showing both of them getting close-up views:
Old Faithful is one of nearly 500 geysers at Yellowstone and is one of only six that park rangers predict, with eruptions every 35-120 minutes.
Nora in Upper Geyser Basin, where about 150 hydrothermal geysers exists within one square mile, five of which can be predicted: Castle, Grand, Daisy, Riverside, and Old Faithful
Frank standing beside a geyser
The group squeezes in for a closer view.
Nearby Old Faithful Inn, which as I mentioned above had just opened its doors one year before their visit, must have been a sight to see for Frank and Nora. As described online, “The building is a rustic log and wood-frame structure with gigantic proportions: nearly 700 feet in length and seven stories high. The lobby of the hotel features a 65-foot ceiling, a massive rhyolite fireplace, and railings made of contorted lodgepole pine. [Visitors can] stand in the lobby and look up at the exposed structure, or walk up a gnarled log staircase to one of the balconies” (12). Mike and I did just that - and it was certainly impressive. We also ate lunch at the inn, and I enjoyed a delicious Huckleberry margarita.
Built at a cost of $200,000, the inn at that time had 140 rooms that could accommodate 316 guests. An early guest, James J. Murphy, who was staying in the tents, described it this way in 1907: “After supper we all shaved and walked down to Old Faithful Inn with the object of dancing, but when we got there, we had not the nerve as the place was grand, the swellest hotel I ever laid my eyes on. Coming towards it in the dark, all the lights burning from the windows, and the search light playing on Old Faithful, I have never seen a prettier sight in my life!…
“It was entirely constructed of logs and very artistically built. Inside in the lobby the floors were hard wood, oiled. I almost broke my neck [slipping] on them. Sitting around in the chairs were men and women all swelled up, and all looked at us as we came in our glad rags… Inside, upon looking up you could see rows of balcony and all built of logs. The staircase was of split logs for steps. A huge fireplace, built entirely of lava rocks, go[es] all the way up the four stories and a great massive clock hangs on the wall and great large doors with their quaint hinges and bolts [are] a sight never to be forgotten” (13).
A page from our photo album showing Old Faithful Inn
Mike and I did not explore Upper Geyser Basin as much as we would have liked due to time constraints and huge crowds. Nora and Frank would not have faced such huge crowds, for “visitation was light during stagecoach days, unlike today when the park receives three million visitors per year. While visitation to Yellowstone has always proceeded as a gradually increasing phenomenon, the stagecoach era was a time of relatively few visitors: 4,000 per year before 1900; 17,327 per year for 1900-1910; 37,800 per year for 1911-20; and 262,792 per year 1921-1940” (14).
A different philosophy also reigned in the park at that time: “During the period 1903-1940, the park's army and then NPS administrators favored use over preservation, and thus human development in the form of buildings, roads, bridges, trails, and infrastructure at Old Faithful proceeded unfettered. This was a time before strict preservation as a concept had entered the consciousness of park managers. Because visitation was relatively light, administrators considered park resources to be in no real danger and thus available in general for use. Swimming in hot springs; using them for cooking, bathing, and clothes-washing; the use of thermal ground for growing plants; the feeding of animals at garbage dumps or with hay; the stocking of streams with fish; and the cutting of trees for construction were all activities that were accepted and practiced in the park. Changes of opinion in these areas came only gradually to Yellowstone” (15).
One “change of opinion” came in 1936, when park rangers finally shut down the bear feeding shows that were so popular. But when Frank and Nora were there, such shows were among the highlight attractions, and it’s likely they saw bears this way. As described in F. Dumont Smith's Book of a Hundred Bears (1909): "Just way back of Old Faithful Geyser itself you may see, at sunset, black and brown and grizzly he and she bears, cubs, and two-year-olds (I think we counted twenty-four that night); and, after the great searchlight [on top of Old Faithful Inn] was turned on, we went to the roof with the glass and watched the light flash upon them. Some of them paid no attention to it; [they] just went on feeding" (16).
According to then-Park Superintendent Horace Albright, he “established garbage dumps within walking distance of Upper Basin and Canyon, where bears of all kinds congregated every evening just before dark, and it was a regular practice for people from the hotels and camps to go to see them. A wire was firmly stretched between trees and posts to keep people from going beyond the danger line, and a ranger was placed on duty with a rifle to protect them. This is one of the most interesting features of the park to the majority of tourists, but [it] requires careful regulation” (17).
Mike and I kept a close lookout for bears when we were at Yellowstone, anxious to see them in the distance but not in our campground or on the hiking trail! We got a view of a mama bear and two cubs in the very far distance, running into the trees, but in my photos, all you can see is a black dot. I would have loved to see them up close, but I understand the problems caused by feeding them garbage to guarantee tourists a bear sighting! I'm glad that is no longer allowed.
From Upper Geyser Basin, Frank and Nora traveled to Yellowstone Lake, as seen in the photo at the very top of this post, as well as the one below. According to the photo’s caption, they went fishing on the lake and were able to rent the boat for $3.50 for two hours. There is another rather funny photo right underneath this one in the album, one of my favorite’s, but I’m not sure exactly where it was taken. It shows Nora “caught unawares while drinking from the springs.” LOL.
Following their time at Yellowstone Lake, they headed to the Grand Canyon of the Yellowstone, which involved crossing the Yellowstone River on the recently-constructed Chittenden Bridge. Built in 1903, the 120-foot concrete and steel arch bridge, constructed by park engineer Capt. Hiram M. Chittenden, crossed the river just upstream from the Upper Yellowstone Falls. The bridge provided access from the Grand Loop Road to the secondary road on the south rim of the Grand Canyon of the Yellowstone, allowing visitors to see the upper and lower Yellowstone Falls from the south rim. In 1961, the bridge was replaced with a wider, more modern structure and rechristened Crittenden Memorial Bridge.
Captions: Yellowstone River / Cement Bridge across the Yellowstone River
In his 1915 history of Yellowstone, Chittenden described the process: “Until 1903 there was no bridge across the Yellowstone in the vicinity of the Falls, and the right bank of the Grand Canyon was practically inaccessible to the public. As some of the finest views were to be had from that side, it was considered desirable to provide means of getting across. This section of the river, immediately above the Upper Falls, presented numerous sites on which an ordinary bridge could be built at no great cost; but the remarkable scenic attractions of the rapids made any ordinary structure seem out of place.
"Accordingly it was decided to build something worthy of the situation, and a single arch of slender profile was selected as the type of structure. The exact form was a matter of careful study in order to get the lines which would appeal to the eye as meeting the artistic requirements. The span of the bridge is 120 feet and the rise of the arch is 15 feet. The height of the roadway at the center is 43 feet above low water in the river. The abutments are natural rock. The arch contains ten steel girders, which give it great strength. The body of the structure is solid concrete. The forms for the ornamental railing were manufactured in St. Paul, but the railing itself was molded in rich Portland cement mortar in place” (18).
From their photos, it looks like Frank had fun playing in the Yellowstone River and pointing out things to Nora that she should look at. I can imagine her on the riverside, nervously watching him and telling him to be careful. Perhaps a bit of my father’s daring and adventurousness comes from his “Papo” Traughber!
The Grand Canyon of the Yellowstone is truly breathtaking and has been photographed and painted by many artists through the years. Frank and Nora viewed it from Inspiration Point, as well as Uncle Tom’s Trail. Originally named Promontory Point in 1878, Inspiration Point juts out from the rest of the canyon and offers panoramic views up and down the canyon. The canyon itself runs northeast for over 20 miles, “starting with the Upper Falls of Yellowstone Falls … [then] carving a 1,000-foot deep gash in the pine-covered landscape. The north and south rims are separated by a mere 3/4 of a mile, with treacherously steep canyon walls painted in oranges, yellows and reds” (19).
Frank and Nora’s photo of the Grand Canyon of the Yellowstone - this is definitely an example of the limitations of black and white photography!
View of Great Falls from “Uncle Tom’s Trail”
“Uncle Tom’s Trail” was a steep stairway that descended from the south rim of the Grand Canyon of the Yellowstone to a viewpoint near the base of the lower Yellowstone Falls. The trail was named after "Uncle Tom" H. F. Richardson, who constructed the original trail in 1898 when the Department of the Interior granted him a permit to operate a ferry across the Yellowstone River prior to the construction of the Chittenden Bridge. At that time, visitors traveled to the lower viewing deck via a series of 528 steps and some rope ladders. In 1905, the government built a wooden stairway with 328 steps, so Frank and Nora would have had an easier journey to get their view of the lower falls (20).
Captions: Near view of the Great Falls / A view of the canon and lower falls
It was artist Thomas Moran’s painting of the Grand Canyon of the Yellowstone, which he created after participating in the federally-funded 1871 Hayden Expedition, that helped move Congress to establish Yellowstone as the first national park in March 1872. Moran described the Grand Canyon of the Yellowstone as “beyond the reach of human art.” The spot he was (mistakenly) believed to have used as the viewpoint for his painting is now called Artist Point. The federal government ultimately purchased Moran's painting for $10,000, and the piece hung in the United States Capitol until 1950. Mike and I have run into many of his other paintings in museums we have visited throughout the West over the years.
“Grand Canyon of the Yellowstone,” by Thomas Moran, 1872
I found this description online: “This painting by Thomas Moran (1837-1926) depicts the canyon of the Yellowstone River's Lower Falls. The river is barely visible, snaking from the central portion of the painting toward the lower left. Coniferous trees dot rocky outcroppings in the foreground and middle distance. The foreground's plateau is in heavy shadow, while the rocky spires on the right side of the canyon are bathed in golden light. The landscape is humanized with the symbolic placement of people in the foreground--a Native American, the explorer Ferdinand Vandeveer Hayden (1829-1887) and purportedly Moran himself” (21).
The Hayden Expedition was an 1871 geological survey of the Yellowstone region led by Dr. Ferdinand V. Hayden. In the days before color photography, early survey teams often included artists and photographers to help with documentation. As described online, “The Hayden party included eighty-three expedition members who often splintered into smaller parties. One group included Moran and survey photographer William Henry Jackson (1843 – 1942). Jackson and Moran developed a close personal friendship and highly productive professional partnership … [and] collaborated in selecting views and creating images that brought the near-mythical Yellowstone region to life. While many visitors to Yellowstone are most captivated by the geysers and other thermal features and wildlife, Moran and Jackson devoted more time to the Grand Canyon of the Yellowstone than anywhere else in Yellowstone” (22).
Frank and Nora also visited the Golden Gate of the Yellowstone, which serves as the “gateway” to the interior of the park. Golden Gate Canyon runs between Mammoth Hot Springs and the Yellowstone Plateau. According to the Yellowstone Explored website: “As sunlight hits the canyon walls they take on a golden-orange appearance due to colored lichen that cling to the rugged walls and peaks. Cathedral Rock in particular, that juts out from the northern part of Bunsen Peak, takes on a golden appearance. As you travel through the canyon you are traveling the path of the first stagecoach route into Yellowstone. The initial bridge (The Golden Gate Bridge of Yellowstone) was built entirely of wood planks in 1885 by Lieutenant Daniel Kingman and the U.S. Corp of Engineers. Because of his pioneering development of this passage through Golden Gate Canyon, it is called Kingman Pass in his honor. Located directly above the bridge is Huckleberry Ridge Tuff, a volcanic ash formation that came from the first Yellowstone caldera, 2 million years ago” (23).
Frank and Nora passed through the “Golden Gate” as they traveled back to Mammoth Hot Springs and Gardiner.
When Mike and I were there, our tour guide/geology teacher, Ted Reeves, spent a good amount of time explaining the Huckleberry Ridge Tuff and the roles various volcanoes had played in the creation of the canyon. We also took our photo with this view—and the rebuilt road—in the background.
Mike and I enjoyed this more colorful view of the Golden Gate.
There are a few final photos I want to share, though I’m not sure exactly where they fit into the trip. In my last post, I shared photos of Frank and Nora riding horses at Seattle’s Washington Park. Here, they are once again riding horses, which is something Mike and I did NOT do in Yellowstone National Park, but we did do a week later at Grand Teton National Park. I loved being able to ride a horse along the trail as we took in the amazing views, and I‘m sure Frank and Nora must have enjoyed the same. Since these photos are not labeled, it’s possible they did this in one of the other locations Nora mentions having visited: Missoula, Montana, or Salt Lake City, Utah. There are no photos that I see from either of those locations, so I do not plan to explore them further in this series.
Frank and Nora’s six-day adventure in Yellowstone National Park ended back at Gardiner, where they again boarded a train to continue their journey. About a week later, they arrived in Mexico, Missouri, where Frank, aka. Dr. Traughber, had his medical practice and where they would begin their married life. But more on that next time, in the final installment of this “historic honeymoon trek.”
For those who are still reading and want more history and photos:
Endnotes
Wyoming State Museum. “A Journey through Yellowstone in 1905.” Google Arts and Culture, https://artsandculture.google.com/story/a-journey-through-yellowstone-in-1905-wyoming-state-museum/8wUxVL4NRccaJQ?hl=en.
Ibid.
Ibid.
Iron Horse Bar and Grille, https://ironhorsebarandgrille.com/
Ibid.
“History of the Roosevelt Arch: 10 Fascinating Facts.” Yellowstone Forever, 24 April 2024, https://www.yellowstone.org/history-of-the-roosevelt-arch-10-fascinating-facts/.
Ibid.
Ibid.
Roosevelt, Theodore, and Jack Haynes. “Celebrating the Roosevelt Arch: A Centennial History of an American Icon / Window Into Gardiner.” Yellowstone Science, Vol. 11, Number 3, Summer 2003, https://www.nps.gov/yell/learn/upload/YS_11_3_sm.pdf.
Minerva Terrace Stop on Mammoth Tour, https://www.nps.gov/features/yell/tours/mammoth/minerva.htm.
“Liberty Cap (U.S.” National Park Service, https://www.nps.gov/places/000/liberty-cap.htm.
“Old Faithful - Yellowstone National Park (U.S.).” National Park Service, https://www.nps.gov/yell/planyourvisit/exploreoldfaithful.htm.
Johnston, Frances Benjamin. “A History of the Old Faithful Area.” NPS History, 13 March 2007, https://npshistory.com/publications/yell/old-faithful-area-history.pdf.
Ibid.
Ibid.
Ibid.
Ibid.
Chittenden, Hiram M. “Chittenden Memorial Bridge.” Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chittenden_Memorial_Bridge.
Smigelski, Seth. “Inspiration Point | Grand Canyon of the Yellowstone | Yellowstone National Park.” Hikespeak.com, https://www.hikespeak.com/trails/inspiration-point-grand-canyon-of-the-yellowstone-river/.
“Uncle Tom's Trail.” Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncle_Tom%27s_Trail.
“Grand Canyon of the Yellowstone, Thomas Moran, 1872.” Google Arts and Culture, https://artsandculture.google.com/asset/grand-canyon-of-the-yellowstone/BgGVMnQig7OMJw?hl=en.
“Museum Management Program, Thomas Moran Virtual Museum Exhibit.” National Park Service, https://www.nps.gov/museum/exhibits/thomas_moran/expedition.html.
Moran, Thomas. “Golden Gate Canyon and Bridge.” Yellowstone Explored, https://www.yellowstoneexplored.com/golden-gate-canyon-yellowstone.
